On this day in 1864, the Chairman
of the Republican National Committee, Senator Edwin Morgan, opened the national convention. At the suggestion of President Abraham Lincoln (R-IL), he did so with a brief statement:
“The party of which you, gentlemen,
are the delegated and honored representatives, will fall far short of accomplishing its great mission, unless among its other
resolves it shall declare for such an amendment of the Constitution as will positively prohibit African slavery in the United
States.”
Inspired by Chairman Morgan's leadership,
delegates made abolishing slavery part of the platform. And so, Republicans entered the 1864 presidential campaign determined
to defeat the Democrats' pro-slavery policies once and for all. The 13th Amendment was passed by congressional Republicans
seven months later and ratified within the year.
Michael Zak is a popular speaker to
Republican organizations around the country, showing office-holders, candidates and activists how they would benefit tremendously
from appreciating the heritage of our Grand Old Party. Back to Basics for the Republican Party is his acclaimed history of the GOP from the Republican point of
view. Each day, his Grand Old Partisan blog celebrates more than fifteen decades of Republican heroes and heroics. See www.republicanbasics.com for more information.
Historical Recounting of the 'Boston Tea Parties'
Colonial America, December 16, 1773
In 1770, American protests led to Parliament's repeal of
the Townshend duties — except for the duty on tea retained by the British as a matter of principle. The colonists
demonstrated their displeasure with the remaining tax by drinking smuggled tea. The effectiveness of American resistance was
shown in the precipitous decline in tea sales in the colonies — a drop of 70 percent over three years.
In 1773 Parliament passed the Tea Act, which gave the English East India Company a chance to avert bankruptcy by granting a monopoly
on the importation of tea into the colonies. The new regulations allowed the company to sell tea to the colonists at a low
price, lower than the price of smuggled tea, even including the required duty. The British reasoned that the Americans would
willingly pay the tax if they were able to pay a low price for the tea.
On November 28 the Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor
with a cargo of Darjeeling tea. Samuel Adams and other radicals were determined that the cargo would not be landed in the city. His mobs roamed
the streets in the evenings, threatening violence if challenged by the authorities. Governor Thomas Hutchinson was equally belligerent and vowed not to capitulate in the face of public opposition as had happened
in other colonies.
Two other ships, the Beaver and the Eleanor,
arrived with more consignments from the East India Company. Hutchinson remained firm and stated that the cargoes would be
brought ashore and taxed in compliance with the law.
The Tea Act required that the requisite tax be collected
within 20 days of a ship’s arrival, making December 16 the deadline. Sam Adams kept public fervor high by holding public
meetings in the Old South Meeting House; crowds as large as 5,000 clogged the surrounding streets.
At one of these gatherings, a resolution was adopted that
asked the consignees to return the tea. Those tea agents, some of them relatives of the governor, refused to do so. On December
16, the owner of the Dartmouth agreed to sail his ship back to England. This opportunity to ease tensions was abruptly
ended, however, when British officials denied permission for the ship to clear the port and began preparations to seize the
vessel for nonpayment of the tax.
That evening the ship owner reported his inability to depart
from Boston to the throng at Old South. With that news Adams gave a signal to the group and loud Indian war
whoops broke out. A group of some 50 men, unconvincingly disguised as Mohawk Indians, moved the short distance to Griffin’s
Wharf where the three ships were moored.
The vessels were boarded, the cargo carefully taken from
the holds and placed on the decks. There, 342 chests were split open and thrown into the harbor. A cheering crowd on the dock
shouted its approval for the brewing of this “saltwater tea.”
The “Tea Party” was quickly restaged in other
port cities in America and tended to polarize the sides in the widening dispute. Patriots and Loyalists became more ardent about their views.
Parliament and King chafed at the destruction of private
property and the deliberate flouting of royal authority. They would soon turn to sterner actions.